Therefore, the discourse to halt Indonesian palm oil exports to European countries ultimately prevails. Indonesia has tried to undertake various diplomatic approaches to explain this problem, yet issues regarding palm oil continue to appear and develop. In addition, in May 2019 the European Commission has adopted the Delegated Act to limit the use of biofuels from palm oil which has indirect land-use change (ILUC) risks. This condition indicates that European Union countries necessarily need palm oil for their industry. In 2016–2017, demand for Indonesian palm oil in the European Union market increased by 15%, and during 1996–2016, palm oil consumption in the European Union increased by 31% (UN Comtrade 2018). On the other hand, the data of Indonesian palm oil exports to the European Union showed that the need and demand for Indonesian palm oil continued to increase through the years. Moreover, the framework of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) regulates renewable energy use in the European Union, where CPO is phased out as the source of biofuel due to its high emission level, although it is yet to be finalized. One of resolutions and recommendations given is to stop Crude Palm Oil (CPO) imports (including from Indonesia) in 2021. This is confirmed by the Report on Palm Oil and Deforestation on Rainforests, which stated that palm oil is a very large problem related to the issue of corruption, child labor, violation of human rights, omission of the rights of indigenous people, and a trigger to deforestation and habitat destruction (European Parliament 2017). Several issues, including health, environment, and animal protection, have been considered to hamper the entrance of Indonesian palm oil to Europe. However, there have been many instances in the last several years where oil imports, mainly from Indonesia, have been hindered from entering European countries. Different from India and China, which directly consumed its palm oil, European market besides consumed directly it also serve as a trade hub for other countries in the region (Rifin 2013).įor a long time, countries of the European Union, particularly the Netherlands, have been the major market destination for Indonesian palm oil as well as being countries that connect Indonesia and other European countries. In 2017, Indonesia exported approximately 29 million tons of palm oil, with the largest destination countries including India, with a market share of 25.37% followed by the European Union, with 14.35% and China, with 12.39% (UN Comtrade 2018). Indonesian palm oil exports in 2017 reached US$ 22.97 billion, an increase of 26% compared to the value in 2016 (UN Comtrade 2018). One of the largest contributors to these exports is palm oil, amounting to 13.6% in 2017. Proved crude oil reserves in the U.S.Indonesian exports reached US$ 168.8 billion in 2017, an increase of 16.8% compared to the previous year (UN Comtrade 2018). Oil refinery capacity in France 1998-2022īuyers of Russia's ESPO blend oil in 2013 by country Oil product imports and exports in the United Kingdom (UK) 2010-2017 crude oil exports by importing country 2016 Global crude oil export value share by country 2021 export value was roughly one fourth that of Saudi Arabia. is also the country with the highest oil consumption worldwide, it uses more oil domestically and exports less than its competitors. As of 2021, the Middle Eastern country and OPEC member state accounted for a 12.2 percent share of oil produced, second only to the United States. It follows that as the greatest exporter based on value, Saudi Arabia is also one of the world’s largest oil producers. In 2021, global oil production reached roughly 90 million barrels per day. It is a nonrenewable resource, meaning that there is a limited amount of it on Earth and it cannot be replaced naturally at the same rate as our current global consumption. It is a fossil fuel that can be refined to create products such as transportation and heating fuels, as well as plastics, resins, solvents, and lubricants. What is crude oil and who are the largest producers?Ĭrude oil is unrefined petroleum that is made up of hydrocarbons as well as other organic materials. This was the highest amount made by any crude oil exporting country that year and corresponded to a 16.5 percent share of global crude exports based on value. Saudi Arabia’s crude oil exports in 2021 had a value of 161.7 billion U.S.
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